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Risk factors includes cigarette smoking, exposure to aniline dyes.....etc.
Schistosomiasis is associated with squamous cell carcinoma.
Patients with long-term indwelling catheter presenting with haematuria must have cystoscopy to exclude bladder cancer.
Mucus in the urine may indicate carcinoma of the urachus.
TURBT is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, sampling must include the bladder muscular wall.
Note: The information in this article has been excerpted from the following books: urotext-ebook simplifying urology, Principles of modern urology, by Dr. R.A.S HEMAT. Permission is granted to copy and redistribute this document electronically as long as it is unmodified. This article may not be sold in any medium, including electronic, CD-ROM, or database, or published in print, without the explicit, written permission of Dr. R. A. S. Hemat.
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Dr. R.A.S HEMAT declares no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this article, including grants, employment, stock holdings, gifts, or honoraria.
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